Diabetes mellitus is a rather serious disease to which, according to statistics, almost every fourth person is susceptible. Since today the number of patients exceeds the mark of 350 million people, the diet for diabetes mellitus is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients but also by people predisposed to the development of the disease.
Overweight, genetic predisposition or stomach diseases can lead to a sudden cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations, and adherence to a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Dietary characteristics in diabetes mellitus
The diet for diabetes can vary significantly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, where there are several forms and rules of diet, which is caused by the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But each type of disease requires compliance with general eating habits.
Basic nutritional guidelines for diabetes
The diet for diabetes should be carried out in strict compliance with the basic rules. Thus, for both types of disease there are the following aspects in the diet:
- The diet should contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio in relation to the presence of disease.
- The number of meals should be slightly increased. So, you should eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, meals for diabetics should be low in calories.
- The caloric content of food and meals should be carefully and carefully calculated - it should not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the likelihood of gaining weight increases, which is fraught with complications in diabetes.
- Almost every diet for patients with the presented disease follows the foundations of a proper and balanced diet. The diet should include vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins, do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult with their healthcare professional about the basics of nutrition for their specific case. It is not recommended to follow a certain diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The doctor must calculate the calorie content for the patient, as well as make certain changes in accordance with the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, the diet for type 1 diabetes is based on the proper administration of insulin, so care should be taken here to use foods that significantly increase blood sugar.
It turns out that for such patients, the diet does not require any restrictions, it is only necessary to properly calculate and give insulin to the blood in a timely manner. The following principles and rules for insulin administration are present here:
- Foods that do not contain a lot of carbohydrates should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- Only products that contain carbohydrates can be counted - these are flour and confectionery products, as well as plant products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be given according to the amount of food consumed. You also need to adjust to food consumption in time. Here you must use the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- if treatment is with short-acting insulin, then its introduction occurs 20 minutes before meals;
- if treatment is carried out with medium-acting insulin, then its introduction occurs 40 minutes before a meal;
- when a combined type of insulin is used, it is administered according to a schedule 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The dose of insulin should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is done by calculating bread units (XE).
The unit is a piece of bread of 25 g (10-12 g of carbohydrates), which increases a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.
The attending physician can tell you exactly about the calculations. Also, for an accurate insulin dose calculation, you should study the table showing the carbohydrate content indicators in each product.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
The diet for type 2 diabetes differs significantly from the type 1 diet. Here, one should consider not only the products allowed for consumption, but also carefully monitor the calorie content in the daily diet. So, here are the following indicators:
- normal daily calorie content should be in the range of 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy expenditure;
- in the presence of excess weight, the calorie content is necessarily reduced to 1300-1500 kcal;
- if you are overweight, your doctor may reduce your calorie content to 1000 kcal per day;
- there are cases when excess weight significantly exceeds the norm, and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The caloric content of food should be calculated by a doctor, because not only indicators of a person's body weight are taken into account, but also the presence of diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- Carbohydrates in the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Preference should be given to those products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. For example, wholemeal bread, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for products that contain sugar, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, it is allowed to consume xylitol or sorbitol in the amount of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of patient weight, divided at the same time into 2-3 doses.
- Proteins for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus are allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Preference should be given to lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and fresh cheese. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily meal contains fats, which come to the body to a greater extent from vegetable oils.
- They also consume fatty foods in limited quantities.
Experts advise to take the diet of patients with diabetes seriously. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days or even a whole week.
It will not be superfluous to present it to a doctor who will be able to make adjustments according to the patient's health condition.
Characteristics of a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes
As a rule, most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires urgent elimination in order for the person to tolerate the disease more easily and not expose the body to sharp and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels.
Therefore, many experts suggest a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists suggest that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to a proper diet and basic principles immediately after diagnosing the disease.
In addition, the main task here is to lose extra pounds, so the patient should reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
Thus, a person begins to suffer from a sudden drop in blood sugar levels, which follows in connection with constant hunger. According to scientists, this can be easily avoided by eating more protein.
Protein foods are great for weight loss. In addition, with diabetes mellitus, protein foods are the safest. This diet is more reminiscent of the well-known "Kremlin".
But such a diet should be resorted to only with the permission of a doctor, because the intake of protein in large quantities can be dangerous to health and cause exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If the presented diet is followed, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by a doctor.
Principles and basics of diet "Table number 9".
Most experts support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.
Thus, especially for patients with this disease, a diet called "Table no. 9 ", which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional bases.
She points out exactly how to eat with diabetes mellitus, states allowed and forbidden foods.
The menu shown is also divided into two categories, corresponding to the 1st and 2nd types of diseases. But there are general principles that need to be learned and followed in order to maintain a normal blood sugar level.
Principles of the child "Table number 9".
The presented diet contains basic principles that should undoubtedly be taken into account. This includes the following aspects:
- Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you have to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
- The menu for diabetics is composed without the inclusion of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can only eat cooked, stewed and baked dishes.
- Sweets for diabetics should be replaced with natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.
"Table no. 9 "contains a complete list of foods that are allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful microelements. Attention should be paid to fruits with a high content of ascorbic acid, which are allowed to be consumed in small quantities during the day.
What you can eat with diabetes
The presented diet completely indicates to patients what can be eaten with diabetes mellitus of any type. It is recommended to include these foods in the diet to maintain sugar levels and prevent complications. Permitted products include:
- all wholemeal flour products and wholemeal flour;
- sausages with low fat content and fatty inclusions;
- all types of fish related to low-fat varieties;
- all kinds of lean meat;
- greens and green vegetables;
- low-sugar fruits;
- of cereals oatmeal, buckwheat and millet are allowed;
- any low-fat dairy products;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from permitted fruits and vegetables, herbal teas are allowed from drinks.
Allowed foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are prohibited, they must be consumed with the utmost care and precision. The list of prohibited products includes:
- all types of sweets, including sweets with a high sugar content (kind of jam);
- fatty poultry meat;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, salted canned food and other pickles;
- fatty and drinkable fermented milk products, for example, baked milk, cream and yoghurts;
- you cannot eat strong meat soups;
- pasta, rice and semolina are prohibited - they increase sugar levels;
- hot spices, condiments, snacks;
- sweet fruit;
- industrial juices from packaging - have a high sugar content;
- any alcoholic beverages.
The type of disease in this case does not in any way affect the possibility of consuming prohibited foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should adhere to a diet so as not to worsen the situation.
Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes
There are several controversial issues in the diet of people with diabetes. By saying that natural products are allowed, including spices, doctors themselves are beginning to restrict patients in their use. What is the reason for that?
Controversial fruit in diabetes
The article repeatedly mentions that in the presence of the presented disease, it is allowed to consume unsweetened fruit. They contain little sugar, so they will not harm the patient in any way.
However, what fruits can be eaten in diabetes mellitus, even patients with long experience do not know exactly. There is no need to talk about the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, among which are:
- dragoon. Is it possible to eat persimmon with diabetes, if its taste is vaguely reminiscent of sweet. It is this fact that confuses most patients.
As it turned out, in fact, this fruit contains a lot of vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even sick people to use persimmon, because it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turned out that you can eat persimmon, but only in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit is 1 XE. Gems for type 2 diabetes mellitus are also allowed for consumption, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Mandarins. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But whether it is possible to eat mandarins in diabetes mellitus is a moot point.
The fact is that mandarins contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp rise in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Therefore, experts advise not to eat tangerines, even in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. By the end of summer, melons ripen, which encourages patients to eat watermelon and melon.
These berries have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a sharp release of sugar into the patient's blood, which causes weakness and leads to fainting.
These products for diabetics are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult a doctor, who can calculate the allowable dose of fruit to consume.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus
The use of vegetables in diabetes mellitus is also controversial.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and root crops such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are under the strictest ban.
These vegetables contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by people with diabetes mellitus.
The following products are also under consideration:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and inulin, of which at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide consisting of several chains of fructose. It turned out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but it must be included in the diet for diabetes mellitus, because its benefit lies in the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, which has a positive effect on the control and maintenance of body weight, and also contributes to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes should definitely be eaten, you just need to carefully monitor the amount of product per serving, because there is also a high sugar content here.
- Sauerkraut with diabetes also causes a lot of controversy, because, as already mentioned, salting is prohibited for patients. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, which results in gradual weight loss. Also, there are useful properties for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
Looking at recipes for diabetics, you can discover many interesting things in the use of foods, including vegetables and fruits.
The required amount of cooking product should be carefully considered here. If necessary, the amount of food you are allowed to consume should be calculated.
Healthy food for diabetes
In diabetics, some natural products act only as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. So, for example, you can't completely rule out glucose consumption. It is the foundation of most processes in the human body, which acts as an integral part.
Based on the necessity and benefits of using natural products for diabetes mellitus, scientists provide their list of all the properties that should be observed when choosing and at the time of compiling a diet.
Honey
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to contain a lot of sugar and glucose. As it turned out, this natural product contains only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose, which is why the use of honey may be prohibited for diabetes.
However, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace plain and regular sugar.
The portion of honey for type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Divide it into several steps: add to pastries or tea.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of spices in the body, the sensitivity of cells to insulin produced increases, which helps to normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.
In addition, cinnamon in diabetes helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a pleasant application of cinnamon, add half a teaspoon to tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle all the dishes with spices, according to your taste and wishes.
Laurel leaf
Bay leaf in diabetes mellitus is necessary for use, but it is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. Therefore, this natural product must be used to strengthen immunity, speed up metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, bay leaf should not be eaten by people with late-stage diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory in type 2 diabetes, where the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves in the form of toppings for dishes is allowed, but it is still more useful to use the infusion. To prepare, take 10 bay leaves and pour three cups of boiling water over them.
Leave the infusion to stand for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and half an hour before meals. This will help keep your glucose levels up.
Stevia
Almost no one knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes mellitus, but regular use of the infusion helps maintain glucose levels, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. Cook it according to the given instructions, and drink herbal tea hot and in small sips.
Eat diabetes mellitus properly, according to the basic recommendations of experts. This way you can keep your blood sugar level at a healthy level and feel great in all emergencies.